6 min read · Free educational guide
Net, gross, and the tax amount
Net (ex-tax) is the price before VAT. Gross (inc-tax) is what the buyer pays. VAT is the difference. Countries publish standard and reduced rates; always pick the rate that applies to the good or service.
Adding VAT
Gross = net × (1 + rate/100). Example: €100 net at 23% → €123 gross, €23 VAT.
Extracting VAT from a gross price
Net = gross ÷ (1 + rate/100). VAT = gross − net. Example: €123 including 23% VAT → €100 net. Do not multiply the gross by the rate — that overstates tax on inclusive prices.
Limits of a simple calculator
Cross-border rules, exemptions, and reverse charge are out of scope for a basic arithmetic tool. Use official guidance or an accountant for filing.
Related calculators
FAQ
- Why can’t I just take 23% of the gross?
- Because the gross already includes tax. The tax fraction of gross is rate/(100+rate), not rate/100.